1000Things Worth Knowing in AutomotiveCybersecurity

1000 Things Worth Knowing Automotive Cybersecurity

The long-awaited Second Edition of the sold-out The Essential Guide to ISO/SAE 21434

Features a precise mapping to all requirements/[RQs] of the ISO/SAE 21434:2021 standard

Built on +5 years of experience in OEM/Tier-N vehicle cybersecurity consulting

Table of contents (PDF)

Which topics are covered? Discover all the contents at a glance

The 300-page publication “1000 Things Worth Knowing in Automotive Cybersecurity” is divided into nine clearly structured chapters and provides practical knowledge on the implementation of ISO/SAE 21434. Would you like to take a closer look at the contents of the various chapters in advance? Here you can view the complete table of contents (PDF). Discover all the topics, content, and methods covered in detail in the nine main sections of this comprehensive work.

C01

C01 Cybersecurity awareness

Why successful attacks on vehicles are possible and what role cybersecurity awareness plays in this

This chapter uses real-life attacks to explain why connected vehicles are increasingly becoming targets for cybercriminals and the extent to which they are exposed to cybersecurity threats. It describes in detail the most well-known cyberattacks on vehicles in recent years (up to 2025). Risks for manufacturers and users are highlighted and the factors that enable successful attacks are explained.

Cyberattacks on vehicles are already a reality
For a long time, cybersecurity threats were not a major issue for the automotive and vehicle development industry. However, with the increasing connectivity of modern vehicles, hacker attacks and the exploitation of vulnerabilities are no longer a theoretical threat. High-profile cases such as the Jeep hack in 2015, attacks on keyless entry systems, and massive data leaks have already shown that vulnerabilities in vehicle software can be exploited to take control of vehicles or manipulate data. Nevertheless, cybersecurity is often underestimated or viewed merely as a regulatory requirement rather than a business-critical issue.

Detailed content and insights of the chapter

Real-world cyberattacks/hacks on vehicles: Detailed analysis of the well-known Jeep hack from 2015 and a dozen other technically documented security incidents in the automotive industry in recent years
Why vehicles are vulnerable: General overview of the vulnerabilities of modern vehicle systems, from wireless interfaces to inadequately secured control units.

Economic consequences for manufacturers: How security gaps can lead to multi-million dollar recalls, reputational damage, and regulatory sanctions.
Obstacles and drivers for cybersecurity in vehicles: Why is cybersecurity failing in the automotive sector? Why are companies reluctant to act? And conversely, to what extent can cybersecurity be a business driver?

Who should read this chapter?

This chapter is particularly relevant for all automotive professionals and managers (including project managers, software developers, vehicle architects, and security experts) who need to understand real-world attack scenarios and typical vulnerabilities in vehicles. At the same time, it offers decision-makers in the automotive and vehicle industry valuable insights into the economic risks posed by inadequate cybersecurity. Both the highlighting of relevant hacks/security incidents and the overview of cybersecurity at the economic level underscore the importance of cybersecurity awareness in the automotive sector.

This chapter as part of the overall publication

This compact chapter, C01 Cybersecurity Awareness, lays the foundation for the entire book “1,000 Things Worth Knowing in Automotive Cybersecurity” in just under 20 pages by introducing real threats and security vulnerabilities in vehicles and explaining them in an easy-to-understand manner. In addition, the most important trends in the industry (autonomous driving, electric vehicles, etc.) are highlighted and linked to modern vehicle cybersecurity. This introductory overview forms the basis for the following chapters on cybersecurity at the organizational level, applied cybersecurity in development projects, and systematic risk assessment procedures.

Break down silos. Learn everything that matters

Discover the entire publication with all chapters now.

Buy now

C02

C02 Regulations, standards, and initiatives

What legal and regulatory requirements apply to cybersecurity in the global automotive industry, and how do they affect the sector?

This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the most important legal requirements, international industry standards, and industry-specific initiatives related to cybersecurity in the automotive sector and the vehicle industry. It explains in detail how regulations such as UN Regulation No. 155 / CSMS and ISO/SAE 21434 or UN Regulation No. 156 / SUMS ISO 24089 interact – and why they are so important for vehicle manufacturers and suppliers. You will learn what obligations the international regulations entail and how they can be applied in management, development, production, and after-sales processes.

Why regulation is crucial for cybersecurity in the automotive sector
With its extensive processes related to type approval and homologation, the quality-conscious automotive industry has always had a special responsibility. With the increasing connectivity of vehicles, the risk of cyberattacks and vulnerabilities in cybersecurity is growing. Regulatory authorities around the world have already responded by introducing mandatory cybersecurity requirements for the automotive industry. While cybersecurity used to play a secondary role, today’s standards and regulations are crucial for the market approval of new vehicles. In particular, UN Regulation No. 155 adopted by UNECE WP.29 and the associated ISO/SAE 21434 standard establish the framework for a mandatory Cybersecurity Management System (CSMS) and specific requirements throughout the entire lifecycle of a vehicle. In addition, further regulations and standards are coming into force worldwide, which are both more comprehensive and more in-depth in terms of their requirements.

Contents of this chapter

The chapter “C02 Regulations, Standards and Initiatives” provides a detailed introduction to the most important regulatory requirements and technical standards worldwide in the field of cybersecurity in the automotive sector. It explains not only the content and objectives of these regulations, but also the challenges associated with their implementation. Particular attention is paid to how companies can ensure compliance with the regulations, including with regard to audits, certifications, and beyond.

Detailed content and insights of the chapter

UN Regulation No. 155 and its significance for vehicle manufacturers and suppliers: How the requirements affect type approvals and market approvals.
ISO/SAE 21434 as a global standard for cybersecurity engineering: What requirements does the standard place on manufacturers and suppliers?
An overview of the requirements for software update management and engineering in accordance with UN Regulation No. 156 SUMS and ISO 24089

Insights into audit procedures, schemes for UN R155 audits (KBA questionnaire, ENX VCSA, etc.), guidelines for auditing cybersecurity engineering with ISO PAS 5112, and more
Other relevant standards and regulations, as well as the impact of international and country-specific regulations: How requirements differ in the EU, the U.S., and China
Overview of other regulatory requirements, institutions, and authorities, as well as public resources and international conferences on cybersecurity in the automotive sector

Who should read this chapter?

This chapter is aimed at executives in automotive and vehicle development who are responsible for quality, compliance, homologation, and comprehensive cybersecurity. Governance, cybersecurity management (organization/processes), product development, and the entire lifecycle are aspects that need to be examined here — the variety of functions and roles that can learn something from this chapter is accordingly vast. In addition to OEMs and suppliers, this chapter also provides a good overview for consulting firms, service providers, institutions, and authorities, as it comprehensively explains both the technical and regulatory requirements.

This chapter as part of the overall publication

Cybersecurity in vehicles is an area of activity that continues to be driven by international regulatory and standardization efforts. Accordingly, this chapter, C02 Regulations, Standards, and Initiatives, provides the regulatory foundation for the most important regulations and standards, the impact of which is reflected throughout the entire publication. The chapter shows how international regulations and standards affect companies and their vehicle development and also provides a helpful overview of players, institutions, and resources in the field of cybersecurity.

Discover the full publication now

For all those who are serious about applying automotive cybersecurity.

Buy now

C03

C03 Automotive Cybersecurity Ecosystem

How the automotive industry ecosystem is changing and why cybersecurity in the automotive industry affects all players in the value chain

This chapter shows how advancing digitalization and technological disruption are not only bringing about fundamental changes for modern vehicles, but also confronting the entire industry with a profound paradigm shift. It is becoming clear that cybersecurity in the automotive industry cannot be considered in isolation with regard to individual vehicles or systems, but rather as an industry-wide challenge that affects the entire value chain. It shows how cybersecurity in the automotive sector is developing through the interaction of OEMs, suppliers, technology partners, authorities, and service providers, and what challenges and risks arise from the increasing connectivity of vehicles. The focus is on the transformation of the automotive cybersecurity ecosystem, which is undergoing fundamental change as a result of digitalization, new mobility concepts, and regulatory requirements.

Why cybersecurity goes beyond the individual vehicle
For a long time, vehicle safety was a question of mechanical reliability. However, with increasing electrification, connectivity, and the diverse use of software in modern vehicles, the threat scenario has changed fundamentally. Today, cybersecurity no longer affects just the individual vehicle, but the entire ecosystem, including cloud services, software updates, backend systems, and supplier networks. Hackers no longer attack individual vehicles, but try to carry out sophisticated cyberattacks via vulnerabilities in the entire vehicle lifecycle, in the complex supply chain, in third-party systems, in insecure software updates, or in important backend interfaces (among other things).

Contents of this chapter

Chapter C03 Cybersecurity ecosystem in the automotive sector highlights the diverse aspects and increasing dynamics of the cybersecurity ecosystem in the automotive sector. It explains which players are involved in ensuring cybersecurity, which structures, functions, and interfaces are particularly vulnerable, and how security responsibilities extend across the entire vehicle lifecycle — from development and production to operation and decommissioning. A particular focus is placed on the challenges within the supply chain (supply chain security) and the interactions between the various players.

Detailed content and insights of the chapter

The revolution of the automotive cybersecurity ecosystem: How cybersecurity has become a strategic challenge for the entire industry.
Cybersecurity throughout the vehicle lifecycle: Overview of the risks in the development, production, operation, maintenance, and end-of-life phases.
The role of the supply chain: How cyber risks surrounding the vehicle spread to the entire supply chain and why Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier n suppliers must be involved in security measures alongside OEMs.

Changing attack surfaces due to V2X technologies, IT, cloud, and backend systems: To what extent must modern vehicles be protected not only from physical risks but also from cyber threats?
New players and their influence on cybersecurity: What role do industry associations, authorities/institutions, the academic environment with research and teaching, and the media play in vehicle cybersecurity?

Who should read this chapter?

This introductory chapter is aimed at experts and managers in the automotive value chain (development, quality/approval, etc.) as well as cybersecurity managers in engineering and management who need to understand how changes in the automotive ecosystem make cybersecurity in vehicles a complex challenge. It is also particularly relevant for supply chain managers, software/hardware architects, and other decision-makers dealing with cybersecurity risks from suppliers, technological developments, and new functions and interfaces.

This chapter as part of the overall publication

This compact chapter C03, “Cybersecurity ecosystem in the automotive sector,” illustrates that the entire ecosystem surrounding the vehicle is changing in such a complex way that the areas of action for cybersecurity in the automotive sector can no longer be viewed in isolation and extend far beyond the vehicle itself. It expands the complex challenges already identified at the regulatory level in Chapter C02, Standards, Regulations, and Initiatives, which are then elaborated in C04, Cybersecurity Management at the Organizational Level. At the same time, it lays the foundational structure for the approaches described in more detail in the chapters on risk analysis and cybersecurity implementation.

Dig deeper. Understand more. Implement better.

Discover the entire publication with +300 pages now.

Buy now

C04

C04 Cybersecurity Management

How cybersecurity is successfully managed in the automotive industry – from organization and development projects to the entire vehicle lifecycle

This chapter is dedicated to the extensive fields of action involved in cybersecurity management in vehicle development. The focus is on cybersecurity at the organizational level on the one hand, and on cybersecurity activities during the development phase and in the post-development period on the other. Specifically, this chapter aims to clarify what cybersecurity governance actually means and what diverse topics need to be considered from an organizational and procedural perspective to ensure that structures and processes meet the requirements of UN R155 and ISO/SAE 21434 throughout the entire lifecycle of a vehicle.

Why systematic cybersecurity management is essential
In order to ultimately ensure effective cybersecurity in vehicles, numerous organizational adjustments must be made. The introduction of a Cybersecurity Management System (CSMS) and the consistent application of ISO/SAE 21434 are therefore of great importance. This goes hand in hand with extensive documentation that companies must provide, both at the level of the overall organization (cybersecurity culture, competence management, etc.) and in the development project, where very specific cybersecurity requirements and prerequisites must be met.

Contents of this chapter

Chapter C04 Cybersecurity Management describes the essential organizational requirements for effective cybersecurity management in the automotive industry. It explains the most important areas of action, activities, and documentation that companies must consider in terms of structures and processes. At the same time, it provides a well-founded overview of the requirements that must be met in vehicle development projects from a cybersecurity perspective in order to ensure cybersecurity during development work under the given framework conditions of an individual project.

Detailed content and insights of the chapter

Prerequisites and fundamentals for cybersecurity in the automotive and vehicle industry at the organizational level (governance, structures, and processes) in accordance with UN R155/CSMS and ISO/SAE 21434
Introduction to cybersecurity culture, competence management, roles and responsibilities, processes, audits/assessments, tool management, etc.
Introduction to cybersecurity management and related activities at the project level and in all phases of the project lifecycle

Insight into cybersecurity-specific elaborations such as the cybersecurity plan in accordance with ISO/SAE 21434 and others
Project-specific cybersecurity activities such as reuse, out-of-context and off-the-shelf developments, and cybersecurity requirements in distributed development teams
Overview of cybersecurity requirements throughout the product lifecycle, taking into account the requirements of ISO/SAE 21434

Who should read this chapter?

This chapter is intended for cybersecurity managers at the organizational and project level, compliance and cybersecurity officers, and project managers in vehicle development projects (OEM/Tier n) who are responsible for the strategic and operational implementation of cybersecurity in the company and in development projects throughout the entire product lifecycle. It is also relevant for development managers, cybersecurity engineers, and system architects who want to understand the cybersecurity requirements of UN R155 and ISO/SAE 21434 as a whole.

This chapter as part of the overall publication

This chapter represents the central link between regulatory requirements and the practical implementation of cybersecurity measures at the organizational level and in specific development projects. While the previous chapters laid the foundations for cybersecurity in the automotive sector in terms of regulations and standards and with regard to the changing automotive ecosystem, this chapter explains the prerequisites for cybersecurity at the enterprise level and in vehicle development projects. This closes the gap to the following chapters, which specify the concrete measures for risk analysis, implementation, and enforcement of cybersecurity for the actual vehicle and its systems and components.

Beyond the basics

Discover +300 pages of expert knowledge in the full publication.

Buy now

C05

C05 Cybersecurity Development

How cybersecurity is methodically integrated into vehicle development – from the cybersecurity concept to verification

This chapter explains why cybersecurity must now be an integral part of the entire development process for vehicles and their components and systems. It clarifies why cybersecurity must be implemented as an integral part of the V-model of system development in accordance with ISO/SAE 21434 and not as an additional add-on. The concepts of “security by design” and “systematic cyber risk analysis” are specified in this chapter. It shows how cybersecurity requirements are specified and integrated into architectural designs throughout the entire development cycle.

Why cybersecurity must be an integral part of the development process
Ad hoc approaches and retroactive cybersecurity upgrades often lead to wasted resources, inconsistencies, and new vulnerabilities. Successful attacks on control units, communication interfaces, or backend systems have already shown the industry that only the early integration of cybersecurity principles into development can provide effective security. ISO/SAE 21434 therefore requires a structured approach to integrating cybersecurity processes into all phases of the development lifecycle — from the concept phase to validation.

Contents of this chapter

Chapter C05 Cybersecurity in Development provides a practical overview of structured methods for implementing cybersecurity in vehicle development. It explains how cybersecurity goals and cybersecurity claims are derived from risk analyses, consolidated in a cybersecurity concept, and translated into concrete cybersecurity requirements. It also describes the methodological relationship between system, hardware, and software development and shows how iterative verification and validation measures ensure that all security targets are achieved. It introduces the most important concepts of cybersecurity engineering and highlights the relationship between Functional Safety (ISO 26262) and Cybersecurity, as well as best practices for developing secure vehicle architectures.

Detailed content and insights of the chapter

Relationship between functional safety and cybersecurity technology: parallels and differences between ISO 26262 (Functional Safety) and ISO/SAE 21434.
The question of cybersecurity relevance: Methods for determining whether an element or component within the scope of ISO/SAE 21434 is relevant to cybersecurity.
An in-depth look at the cybersecurity concept: definition of elements, implementation of TARA, derivation of cybersecurity goals and claims, and guidelines for creating a consistent cybersecurity concept.

Concept phase and threat analysis: How can security risks be identified early on and cybersecurity goals defined?
Cybersecurity requirements and architecture design: Methods for deriving technical security requirements and integrating them into the vehicle architecture.
The V-model as a development approach: Why parallel verification and validation steps are necessary to implement cybersecurity effectively.

Who should read this chapter?

This chapter is essential for system architects, cybersecurity engineers, software and hardware developers, and development managers who are responsible for deriving and implementing cybersecurity measures in product development. In addition, functional safety engineers who need to understand the interactions between safety and cybersecurity, as well as project managers who coordinate and control cybersecurity requirements, will benefit from this chapter.

This chapter as part of the overall publication

Chapter C05 forms the methodological core for implementing cybersecurity in vehicle development. While C04 – Cybersecurity Management explains how security processes are properly anchored at the non-technical level, this chapter shows how cybersecurity requirements can be correctly integrated into development processes. It forms the basis for Chapter C06 – Cybersecurity Risk Assessment, which deals with a detailed view on the Threat Analysis and Risk Assessment methodology, and for C07 – Cybersecurity Implementation, which describes specific security measures and implementation strategies.

Go all in now.

Discover the entire publication with all nine chapters.

Buy now

C06

C06 Cybersecurity Risk Assessment

How cybersecurity risks for vehicles are systematically identified, assessed, and mitigated using TARA – methods, processes, and challenges

This chapter describes the structured process of Threat Analysis and Risk Assessment (TARA) in line with ISO/SAE 21434 and explains in detail the systematically correct approach to analysis work. The necessary assessment and prioritization of cyber risks within product development in the automotive industry is explained in detail. The aim is to enable informed decisions about the necessary cybersecurity controls (in line with the requirements of ISO/SAE 21434 for end-to-end risk assessment) to ensure sustainable risk mitigation throughout the entire vehicle lifecycle.

Why standardized cybersecurity risk assessment is essential in vehicle development
The increasing complexity of modern vehicles, the multitude of external interfaces, advancing connectivity (V2X communication), and the development towards software-defined vehicles make a standardized approach to analyzing and assessing cyber risks, threats, and attack vectors essential. The methodology of Threat Analysis and Risk Assessment (TARA) is a central approach for systematically subjecting existing systems, components, assets, and interfaces to a threat scenario analysis and addressing risks in a targeted manner. This applies to the entire value chain, right through to the finished vehicle and throughout its entire lifecycle.

Contents of this chapter

Chapter C06 provides a practical guide to performing TARA, the most important methodology for cyber risk analysis in product development in the automotive industry. It explains how to identify assets, develop threat scenarios, assess impacts, analyze attack paths, and evaluate the feasibility of attacks in order to ultimately develop robust risk assessments that can be used to appropriately manage cyber security risks in vehicle development projects in accordance with the requirements of ISO/SAE 21434. The theoretical concept of TARA is explained in detail step by step.

Detailed content and insights of the chapter

Identification of assets: Systematic derivation of assets requiring protection using functional and technical approaches
Identification of threat scenarios: Creation of plausible threat scenarios based on models such as STRIDE or CAPEC
Impact assessment: Assessment of impacts using four categories (security, finance, operations, data protection) with representation of severity levels

Who should read this chapter?

This chapter provides a solid overview for anyone involved in cyber risks, compliance, quality, and cybersecurity in connection with vehicle development projects. It is particularly relevant for cybersecurity engineers, security analysts, and system architects who need to systematically identify and assess threats and risks in product development. It also provides valuable guidance for understanding the cyber risk analysis process in development work and for building resilience in a sustainable manner.

This chapter as part of the overall publication

Chapter C06 Cybersecurity Risk Assessment forms the methodological link between concept development (C05) and the practical implementation of cybersecurity measures (C07 and C08). It thus provides the methodological basis for the proper performance of cyber risk analysis in accordance with ISO/SAE 21434. It provides an understanding of analytical methods for identifying and evaluating specific risks and shows how these form the basis for the selection and implementation of technical security measures in vehicle architectures and systems.

Big picture instead of fragmented details.

Access the entire knowledge now: Discover the complete publication.

Buy now

C07

C07 Cybersecurity Implementation

In-depth insights into the implementation of cybersecurity measures in vehicle development – from hardware to software security

From concept to implementation: This chapter describes the practical implementation of cybersecurity measures and security mechanisms in the development and production phases of vehicles, components, and systems. It is precisely in this phase of implementing technical security measures for hardware and software components that errors can occur that destroy all the previous work in the area of cybersecurity. Vulnerabilities such as incorrect memory limits, insecure interfaces, or inadequately integrated cryptographic mechanisms leave the door wide open to attackers.

Why the correct implementation of cybersecurity in the automotive environment is essential
Even if cybersecurity risks and the associated requirements are systematically taken into account in early development phases, many vulnerabilities only become apparent during implementation. Insecure programming, faulty configurations, or inadequate security measures in hardware components, system architectures, and software can render security measures ineffective and create new risks. It is therefore crucial to correctly consider certain requirements of ISO/SAE 21434 in order to avoid pitfalls during implementation.

Contents of this chapter

Chapter C07 Cybersecurity Implementation provides a practical overview of how cybersecurity mechanisms can be successfully implemented in modern E/E vehicle products at the hardware and software level. First, the difference between secure implementation and the implementation of security is explained, followed by specific technical measures and best practices for secure software and hardware implementation. Cybersecurity in component reuse and the secure handling of components-off-the-shelf (COTS) are also covered.

Detailed content and insights of the chapter

Secure implementation vs. implementing security and a look at pitfalls in cybersecurity implementation
Cybersecurity in hardware: Fundamentals of cybersecurity-aware hardware design in embedded systems, use of hardware security modules (HSMs) and hardware security mechanisms, and a look at development, production, and operation
Secure software development: Introduction to cybersecurity in software, principles of secure coding, secure development environments, and protection measures against typical software vulnerabilities

AUTOSAR as a basis for security implementation in vehicle development: How security mechanisms can be integrated into existing AUTOSAR architectures and which security functions are included in AUTOSAR Classic.
Challenges in the secure reuse of components: Opportunities and risks in the reuse of software and hardware components, as well as best practices for the secure integration of COTS

Who should read this chapter?

This chapter is aimed at cybersecurity engineers, but also at HW/SW engineers, hardware and system architects, and project and development managers in the automotive industry who are jointly responsible for the technical implementation of cybersecurity measures. It is also particularly valuable for product managers and quality assurance teams who work at the interface between concept and implementation and need to ensure that cybersecurity requirements are implemented correctly and without errors.

This chapter as part of the overall publication

Chapter C07 logically follows on from the previous chapters by extending the concept phase and risk assessment from the previous chapters (C05 and C06) to the practical work of product development. The implementation methods and cybersecurity-related aspects at the hardware and software levels described here form the basis for the subsequent discussion of specific cybersecurity controls in Chapter C08. By combining theoretical principles with practical recommendations, C07 acts as a bridge between the planning and operational implementation of cybersecurity in vehicles and also paves the way for Chapter C09, Cybersecurity Verification and Validation, which deals with the verification and validation of the implemented measures.

Understanding cybersecurity means thinking ahead.

Purchase the complete publication (Ebook/PDF) now and download it immediately.

Buy now

C08

C08 Cybersecurity Controls

How to select, implement, and apply appropriate cybersecurity measures throughout the product lifecycle to protect vehicles from cyberattacks

The rapidly changing automotive industry is facing vehicle developers worldwide with the need to build and expand their technical expertise and knowledge of cybersecurity mechanisms. Chapter C08, “Cybersecurity Controls,” addresses this topic and provides introductory and in-depth technical knowledge about the role and selection of cybersecurity controls in vehicle development. Various types of security measures are presented, ranging from organizational/process-related guidelines to specific technical security mechanisms at the software and hardware levels. The goal is to identify the appropriate security mechanisms and combine them in such a way that comprehensive protection is achieved throughout the entire vehicle lifecycle, in line with a defense-in-depth approach.

Why cybersecurity measures are so crucial
Cybersecurity controls are specific mechanisms used to reduce risks and protect vulnerabilities in vehicles. As such, they form the backbone of effective cybersecurity in the automotive sector. However, ISO/SAE 21434 does not specify any concrete mechanisms. Instead, companies, development projects, and engineering teams must independently develop a holistic view based on their own risk assessments and system architectures, derive mechanisms from this, and customize them if necessary. Cybersecurity measures should therefore not be implemented at random, but should be the result of a structured cybersecurity engineering process.

Contents of this chapter

Chapter C08 Cybersecurity Controls provides an in-depth understanding of the different types, selection methods, and areas of application of cybersecurity controls. It describes how basic approaches (e.g., NIST SP 800-53, ISO 27001) and customized, organization-specific approaches can be combined to develop an appropriate catalog of measures. It also introduces cybersecurity mechanisms for the production line and for securing the backend and the vehicle. In addition, the chapter provides technical insight into in-vehicle-cybersecurity-controls, including an introduction to encryption, access controls, secure in-vehicle communication, and much more.

Detailed content and insights of the chapter

Definition, purpose, and technical classification of cybersecurity controls: What cybersecurity measures do and how they contribute to risk reduction
Relationship between cybersecurity requirements and controls: How security requirements from risk analyses are translated into concrete measures
Methods for selecting appropriate security controls: Baseline approaches, risk-based selection procedures, and application-specific control mechanisms

Specific cybersecurity controls for vehicles: Protective measures such as secure boot, hardware security modules (HSM), on-board security mechanisms, and network segmentation
Cybersecurity controls for different vehicle levels: Distinguishing between protective measures at the software, hardware, system, and vehicle levels
The role of defense-in-depth approaches: Why cybersecurity is not based on individual measures, but requires multi-layered protection.

Who should read this chapter?

This chapter is a valuable compendium for cybersecurity architects and engineers, system architects, and risk and development managers who are responsible for selecting, integrating, and documenting cybersecurity measures at the technical level in development projects. It also provides valuable guidance for product managers and decision-makers involved in cybersecurity throughout the development cycle. They will learn how to derive appropriate protection mechanisms from threat analyses, prioritize them, and implement them in the extended vehicle ecosystem.

This chapter as part of the overall publication

Chapter C08 Cybersecurity Controls seamlessly follows on from the chapters on Risk Assessment (C06) and Implementation (C07), which systematically identified threats and risks and outlined principles for the implementation process. It shows how effective measures are derived and systematically integrated into product development, production processes, backend infrastructures, and, in particular, vehicle systems and components. At the same time, it forms the basis for the following chapter C09 Verification and Validation, in which effectiveness is specifically examined.

All chapters, all insights.

Get the full publication with all content on over 300 pages.

Buy now

C09

C09 Cybersecurity – Verification and Validation

How the effectiveness of cybersecurity measures in vehicles is verified and validated – processes, strategies, and test procedures

This chapter deals with the verification and validation (V&V) of cybersecurity measures in vehicle development. It shows how to verify that implemented cybersecurity measures meet the specified requirements and achieve the desired cybersecurity goals in real-world operation. Parallels are drawn to classic V&V methods in the automotive industry. At the same time, cybersecurity-specific features are taken into account and specific test methods such as penetration tests, fuzz testing, and vulnerability analysis are presented.

Why systematic verification and validation of cybersecurity is crucial
Cybersecurity strategies and security controls alone are not enough. They must be proven to be effective, reduce risks, and close vulnerabilities. The implementation of cybersecurity must therefore be systematically verified. UN R155 and ISO/SAE 21434 therefore require a structured verification and validation strategy. This must ensure that the requirements have been correctly implemented (verification) and that the system is functional and secure in its intended context (validation). This chapter makes it clear that V&V must not only be carried out at the end of the development process, but in all phases – from concept verification to penetration tests on the final product.

Contents of this chapter

Chapter C09 describes how companies in the automotive environment and in vehicle development can ensure that their cybersecurity measures are effective. It shows how a cybersecurity V&V strategy is developed and implemented, what roles and responsibilities there are, and how classic methods of automotive development (e.g., reviews, FMEAs, simulations) can be adapted to cybersecurity. You will also gain a detailed overview of test methods that are essential for cybersecurity, such as vulnerability scans, fuzzing, and penetration tests.

Detailed content and insights of the chapter

Definition and differentiation between verification and validation: How these terms differ and why both are essential
Verification in the V-model: How security requirements are verified in each development phase and a look at the roles and responsibilities in the verification process: Which teams are involved in V&V processes and what documentation requirements exist?
Strategy development: Building a V&V strategy that takes into account project goals, budgets, release plans, functional safety, and stakeholder requirements, as well as insights into practical implementation

V&V methods: Reviews, analyses (e.g., FMEA, fault/attack trees), simulations (HIL, model-based), and classic tests — supplemented by specific cybersecurity tests
Cybersecurity-specific test methods: Vulnerability scans to identify known vulnerabilities, fuzz tests to uncover robustness gaps through systematic disruptive inputs, and penetration tests for realistic verification of attack vectors and implementation errors

Who should read this chapter?

This chapter is intended for test engineers, cybersecurity analysts, quality managers, and automotive project managers who are responsible for ensuring that all defined cybersecurity requirements are verifiably met in practice and who plan, execute, and evaluate cybersecurity V&V activities. It is equally relevant for system architects and development managers who support the security strategy throughout the development process.

This chapter as part of the overall publication

Chapter C09 is the final chapter on the technical implementation of cybersecurity in the automotive sector and concludes the publication “1,000 Things Worth Knowing in Automotive Cybersecurity.” It describes whether the risks identified in C06 Cybersecurity Risk Assessment have been adequately addressed, whether the measures taken in C07 Cybersecurity Implementation have been effectively implemented, and whether the cybersecurity mechanisms selected in C08 Cybersecurity Controls are actually effective. With detailed explanations of verification and validation within vehicle cybersecurity, this chapter forms the backbone for quality in the cybersecurity engineering process and lays the foundation for the continuous improvement of cybersecurity implementation throughout the entire vehicle lifecycle.

Stop reading nonsense.

Get the full Ebook/PDF “1000 Things Worth Knowing in Automotive Cybersecurity” right here.

Buy now

The publication The Essential Guide to ISO/SAE 21434 (published in June 2021 under the former name CYRES Consulting) was the world’s first officially ISO-licensed technical publication for the ISO/SAE 21434 cybersecurity engineering standard in the automotive industry.

The publication, at the time still based on the DIS version of the standard and published as a hardcover for licensing reasons, was distributed worldwide and is still considered a significant milestone in the field of cybersecurity expertise in the automotive industry.

Now completely sold out, the book continues to be valued by practitioners and professionals in the industry as a high-quality reference work.

The new Second Edition, entitled 1000 Things Worth Knowing in Automotive Cybersecurity, is a completely revised and expanded edition by Philipp Veronesi and Manuel Sandler, published in September 2025.

Finally, the publication is now available exclusively as an Ebook/PDF. This new edition does not contain a licensed reprint of the ISO/SAE 21434 standard. Due to the elimination of license fees, a significantly lower retail price can be realized.

In addition, 1000 Things Worth Knowing in Automotive Cybersecurity contains a precise mapping of all requirements [RQs] of the standard, based on the currently applicable version ISO/SAE 21434:2021.

Furthermore, in response to numerous requests, all chapters of the new edition are now also available individually, in addition to the full publication.

How to access the publication 1000 Things Worth Knowing in Automotive Cybersecurity?

First, find out more over here, then place your order and get started right away: Below, you will learn how to obtain the specialist publication “1000 Things Worth Knowing in Automotive Cybersecurity”, the latest specialist publication from CYEQT Knowledge Base, published in September 2025.

Please note: We are happy to receive inquiries from purchasing departments (need for quote, purchase order, etc.) via learn@cyeqt.com

Choose individual chapters or the entire publication

Find out more about the content of the nine chapters on this page. You can either purchase individual chapters for net EUR 14,99 each or buy the entire publication (nine chapters, approx. 300 pages) at a special price of net EUR 29.99.

Order directly via the CYEQT Knowledge Base learning platform

Once you have made your selection, click to switch to our learning platform. There you can place your order and pay the amount directly online – easily with our self-service system. The user/email address entered here will automatically be registered as a new user.

Immediate download of the Ebook/PDF file

After successful payment, you will immediately receive access to the Ebook/PDF file of your order at the email address you provided when placing your order. The files will then be available for download in the login area of the learning platform. Enjoy reading!

Practical specialist knowledge that is highly valued in the automotive industry

Specialists and managers at leading international OEMs, suppliers, service providers, and consulting firms rely on the resources provided by CYEQT Knowledge Base in their daily work. This includes training materials, practical tools, and specialist publications such as “The Essential Guide to ISO/SAE 21434,” the sold-out previous edition of the updated “1000 Things Worth Knowing in Automotive Cybersecurity” presented here.

Countless positive reviews from experts and practitioners confirm our commitment to providing cutting-edge knowledge in the field of applied cybersecurity in the automotive industry in a high-quality, practical format.

Interested in our publications?

Feel free to get in touch. We’re happy to provide further details about our "1000 Things Worth Knowing in Automotive Cybersecurity" publication, offer support for purchasing processes, or answer any specific questions you may have. Just send us a message – we’re here to help.

Write us an e-mail:

learn@cyeqt.com

Give us a call:

Resources

Collaborate

CYEQT

Resources

Collaborate

CYEQT

Resources

Collaborate

CYEQT

Subscribe to our newsletter.

General questions

Register here for the CYEQT Knowledge Base Newsletter - free of charge and without obligation.

1000Things Worth Knowing in AutomotiveCybersecurity

Table of contents (PDF)

Which topics are covered? Discover all the contents at a glance

C01 Cybersecurity awareness

Why successful attacks on vehicles are possible and what role cybersecurity awareness plays in this

Contents of this chapter

Detailed content and insights of the chapter

Break down silos. Learn everything that matters

C02 Regulations, standards, and initiatives

What legal and regulatory requirements apply to cybersecurity in the global automotive industry, and how do they affect the sector?

Contents of this chapter

Detailed content and insights of the chapter

Discover the full publication now

C03 Automotive Cybersecurity Ecosystem

How the automotive industry ecosystem is changing and why cybersecurity in the automotive industry affects all players in the value chain

Contents of this chapter

Detailed content and insights of the chapter

Dig deeper. Understand more. Implement better.

C04 Cybersecurity Management

How cybersecurity is successfully managed in the automotive industry – from organization and development projects to the entire vehicle lifecycle

Contents of this chapter

Detailed content and insights of the chapter

Beyond the basics

C05 Cybersecurity Development

How cybersecurity is methodically integrated into vehicle development – from the cybersecurity concept to verification

Contents of this chapter

Detailed content and insights of the chapter

Go all in now.

C06 Cybersecurity Risk Assessment

How cybersecurity risks for vehicles are systematically identified, assessed, and mitigated using TARA – methods, processes, and challenges

Contents of this chapter

Detailed content and insights of the chapter

Big picture instead of fragmented details.

C07 Cybersecurity Implementation

In-depth insights into the implementation of cybersecurity measures in vehicle development – from hardware to software security

Contents of this chapter

Detailed content and insights of the chapter

Understanding cybersecurity means thinking ahead.

C08 Cybersecurity Controls

How to select, implement, and apply appropriate cybersecurity measures throughout the product lifecycle to protect vehicles from cyberattacks

Contents of this chapter

Detailed content and insights of the chapter

All chapters, all insights.

C09 Cybersecurity – Verification and Validation

How the effectiveness of cybersecurity measures in vehicles is verified and validated – processes, strategies, and test procedures

Contents of this chapter

Detailed content and insights of the chapter

Stop reading nonsense.

Understand the industry before you cybersecure it

From theory to practical implementation

Real-world insights beyond the guidelines

How to access the publication 1000 Things Worth Knowing in Automotive Cybersecurity?

Practical specialist knowledge that is highly valued in the automotive industry

Interested in our publications?

learn@cyeqt.com

+49 89 9275 4198 0

Resources

Collaborate

CYEQT

Newsletter abonnieren.

Allgemeine Fragen

Melden Sie sich hier für den CYEQT Knowledge Base Newsletter an - kostenlos und unverbindlich.